Researching Japanese War Crimes: Introductory Essays ix-xi Daqin

US National ArchiveにDaqing Yang[楊 大慶]氏のA4 2頁ほどの文章"Diary of a Japanese Army Medical Doctor,1937"をみつけたので,pdfからテキストに起こしてみた.


== 出典 ==

THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES | The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group (IWG)(IWG) | Japanese War Crimes

Implementation of the Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act and the Japanese War Crimes Provisions of the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act / An Interim Report to Congress 2002/Mar. http://www.archives.gov/iwg/reports/japanese-interim-report-march-2002-1.html

Press Release 2007/01/12 100,000 Pages Declassified in Search for Japanese War Crimes Records http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2007/nr07-47.html

* Select Documents on Japanese War Crimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 1934-2006 (pdf 23.2MB) http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/select-documents.pdf

* Japanese War Crimes resources for researchers (pdf in zip 4.5MB) http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/japanese-war-crimes-guide.zip

* Researching Japanese War Crimes: Introductory Essays (pdf 2.5MB) http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf Published by the National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Goverment Records Interagency Working Group,2006 isbn:1880875284


== Researching Japanese War Crimes: Introductory Essays index ==

    Daqing Yang About the cover: Diary of a Japanese Army Medical Doctor,1937
  1. Edward Drea Introduction (p.3)
  2. Daqing Yang Documentary Evidence and the Studies of Japanese War Crimes: An Interim Assessment (p.21)
  3. James Lide Recentry Declassified Records at the U.S.National Archives Relating to Japanese War Crimes (p.57)
  4. NARA Staff Japanese War Crimes Records at the National Archives: Research Starting Points (p.79)
  5. Robert Hanyok Wartime COMINT Records in the National Archives about Japanese War Crimes in the Asia and Pacific Theaters,1978-1997
  6. Greg Bradsher The Exploitation of Captured and Seized Japanese Records Relating to War Crimes, 1942-1945
  7. Greg Bradsher A "Constantly Recurring Irritant": Returning Captured and Seized Japanese Records,1946-1961
  8. Michael Petersen The Intelligence that Wasn't: CIA Name Files, the U.S.Army, and Intelligence Gathering in Occupied Japan


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About the cover
Diary of a Japanese Army Medical Doctor,1937

Daqing Yang

THE DIARY WAS COMPACT: a total of fifty-six pages in a 3x5" notebook that fit easily inside a pocket(*). Its author, Hosaka Akira, was an army medical doctor attached to the 3rd Infantry Battalion, 20th Regiment, 16th Division in the Shanghai Expedition Army. The diary begins on August 24,1937, when "mobilization was ordered at 4 PM." It ends on December 7, a day when fighting lasted from morning till night, and soldiers became very tired. At that time, Hosaka's unit was in the vicinity of Nanjing, the capital of China, which would fall a week later and subsequently draw world attention for the massive atrocities committed there by the Japanese troops, an event widely known as the "Rape of Nanking."

    *:The diary is found in NA,RG 153, entry 180, War Crimes Branch, China War Crimes file, 1945-48,box5 folder:Field Diary Kept by Member of Japanese Medical Corps.


Roughly a week before the diary ended abruptly, Hosaka recorded the following:

    At 10:00 on 29 November 1937 we left to clean out the enemy in Chang Chou and at noon we entered the town. An order was received to kill the residents and eighty(80) of them, men and women of all ages, were shot to death[at dusk]. I hope this will be the last time I'll ever witness such a scene. The people were all gathered in one place. They were all praying, crying, and begging for help. I just couldn't bear watching such a pitiful spectacle. Soon the heavy machine guns opened fire and the sight of those people screaming and falling to the ground is one I could not face even if I had had the heart of a monster. War is truly terrible.[Allied Translator and Interpreter Section translation.]

An examination of the original entry reveals that this page had been cut loose by a sharp object at some point. It is likely that the author removed this page when he returned to Japan during the war for fear that might cause trouble with military censors.


In late 1945, Hosaka sent the diary by registered mail to Col.Alva C.Carpenter, head of the legal section of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers(SCAP). He left his return address on the envelope. To make his handwriting legible, Hosaka copied the November 29 entry in clearer handwriting on a separate sheet of paper, which was then attatched to the opposite page in the diary.


The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal investigated astrocities committes by Japanese Army in the Rape of Nanking. SCAP dispatced Col.Carpenter to China to gather evidence. Hosaka's diary was apparently not included in the evidence for the procecution. Despite his reference to a major atrocity against Chinese civilians a week before the battle of Nanjing and in the general vicinity, officially the Rape of Nanking began on December 13th, the day the city fell, and was spatially confined to Nanjing and its immediate vicinity.


In the early 1980s, Japanese journalist Honda Katsuichi claimed the brutal behavior of Japanese troops in Nanjing was by no means an isolated incident as some in Japan claimed. Instead, it fit into a pattern of Japanese atrocities in the Lower Yangtze area against Chinese since a battle of Shanghai. Honda came to this conclusion after extensive interviews with Chinese survivors and examining existing Japanese records.


Hosaka's diary of the Japanese atrocity in Changzou has been corroborated by several Japanese sources that became available in recent years. The diary of Makihara Nobuo was discovered by a Japanese citizen groupe and published in 1988*1 together with the diaries of several other veterans. Makihara , a twenty-two year old private first class belonging to the 3rd Platoon of the Machine Gun Company of the 20th Infantry Regiment, 16th devision, wrote on November 29,1937:

    Depart from the village at 9:00 A.M. Various units compete to enter the town. The tank unit also starts. In contrast with yesterday, there are no traces of the enemy at all. Enter the town magnificently, passing an impressive temple(even though there are many temples in China)... Because Wu Jing is an anti-Japanese stronghold, we carry out "mopping up"[sootoo] operations in the entire town, killing all men and women without distinction. The enemy is nowhere to be seen, either because they have lost the will to fight after their defense line at Wu Xi was breached or they are holding strong positions further ahead. So far I haven't seen a town so impressive at this one...

A squad leader in the Machine Gun Company of the 3rd Battalion (where Hosaka also served) named Kitayama also published his diary but did not record the massacre on that same day. This was probably due to the fact that he and soldier went sightseeing near the hills. However, Kitayama did write that "our comrades did something atrocious." He then noted,"people of the enemy country are really pitiful. I don't even want to hear such tales." When Japanese journalist Shimozato Masaki interviewed Kitayama in 1987, he admitted that the machine gun company had killed several dozen Chinese civilians in Changzhou.


The diary of Hosaka Akira establishes beyond any reasonable doubt that massacre of some eighty Chinese civilians was carried out by order by Japanese unit equipped with heavy machine guns. The same unit almost certainly also took part in the battle of Nanjing. It reconfirms the argument, first advanced by Japanese journalist Honda Katsuichi, that the Rape of Nanking was not an isolated incident, but fit into a pattern of atrocities since the battle of Shanghai.

出典: http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf
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= その他関連uri =

http://www.gwu.edu/~elliott/faculty/yang.cfm



Shino-Japanese Studies Journal Archive http://www.chinajapan.org/archive.html

1990/11 A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity as History(pdf) Daqing Yang http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/03.1/03.1.14-35yang.pdf



Nanking Atrocities - Introduction : Interview: Yang Daqing http://www.geocities.com/nankingatrocities/Introduction/introduction_02.htm



Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing - American Historical Review,vol.104,No.3(1999 June) http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/104.3/ah000842.html



A Joint Study of the Shino-Japanese War 1931-1945 http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/index.htm



International Scholars' Appeal Concerning the New Japanese History Textbook (Inaugurated on July 10, 2001) http://www.bcasnet.org/campaigns/campaign1_a1.htm Daqing Yang, Assistant Professor, Japanese History, George Washington University, USA http://www.bcasnet.org/campaigns/campaign1_a14.htm



NANKING 1937 http://www.princeton.edu/~nanking/



英訳"南京への道"正誤表 http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/13.2/13.2kajimoto32-44.pdf



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*1:転載者追記: 下里正樹『隠された聯隊史』(正/続) & 井口和起 et al.編『南京事件・京都師団関係資料集』1989/12 青木書店 isbn:4250890279 pp.87-170 = 11/29は p.135